{"id":2420,"date":"2018-01-26T17:15:45","date_gmt":"2018-01-26T11:45:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinecivilforum.com\/site\/?p=2420"},"modified":"2022-12-13T11:33:25","modified_gmt":"2022-12-13T06:03:25","slug":"antiseismic-structural-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/onlinecivilforum.com\/site\/antiseismic-structural-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Antiseismic Structural Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fundamental rules in the reinforcement of antiseismic structural systems <\/strong><\/h2>\n

The Antiseismic Structural Systems following needs \u2013 rules regarding the proper placement of reinforcement, derive from the behavior of structures:<\/p>\n

Columns: <\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u03b1) Rebars must be symmetrically placed around the perimeter of the cross section since the tensile forces and therefore the inclined cracking constantly change direction.<\/p>\n

(\u03b2) There must be enough, high strength and properly anchored stirrups. This reinforcement protects the member from the large diagonal cracks of alternating direction, caused by the diagonal stressing or otherwise called shear.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Behavior of a two\u2013column frame during an earthquake<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Beams: <\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u03b1) Rebars placed in the beams lower part must be as well anchored as those placed in the upper part. This happens because tension and therefore the resulting transverse cracking, continuously change place during a seismic action and as a consequence in critical earthquakes, tensile stresses appear to the lower fibers of the supports.<\/p>\n

(\u03b2) There must be enough, high strength and properly anchored stirrups because the high intensity of the diagonal stresses and thus the large inclined diagonal cracking, shift direction during an earthquake.<\/p>\n

No matter how \u201cwell designed\u201d a structure is, either because of exceeded design seismic forces or because of local conditions during the construction, one or possibly more structural members will exceed their design strength.<\/p>\n

In that case we desire to have two defense mechanisms:<\/p>\n

1st<\/sup> defense mechanism:<\/strong> in case of an earthquake greater than the design earthquake we don\u2019t<\/p>\n

want failure (fracture) of any member even if it remains permanently deformed, this means<\/p>\n

that we need ductile structural members.<\/p>\n

2nd<\/sup> defense mechanism:<\/strong> in the case of an extremely intense earthquake, where failure of some members is unavoidable, the elements that must not exceed their strength are columns; this means that the columns must have sufficient capacity-overstrength. In the second defense mechanism all failures must be flexural because of their ductile nature as opposed to shear failures that have a brittle behavior (i.e. sudden fracture).<\/p>\n

By designing the structure to withstand a major seismic incident, something achieved by the use of a high seismic factor, we avoid extensive failures. By providing ductility and capacity-overstrength to the elements we design against local failures. Local failing may happen for vari-ous reasons and if it occurs it may lead to the progressive failure of the structure.<\/p>\n

The need for ductility in structural elements <\/strong><\/p>\n

In both columns and beams supports , it is required to place a substantial amount of stirrups not only to bear the diagonal tension but also to ensure a high level of ductility which is crucial in the case of strong earthquakes.<\/p>\n

Ductility is the ability of a reinforced concrete member to sustain deformation after the loss of its strength, without fracture.<\/p>\n

When design seismic actions are exceeded, only one element, the most vulnerable, will over-come its strength capacity. If that element is ductile, it will continue to bear its loading and will give the second most vulnerable element the possibility to contribute its strength. If that second element is ductile too, it will make the third most vulnerable element to contribute its strength and that way all the elements will successively supply their strength.<\/p>\n

If all members of the structure system have enough ductility the structure\u2019s strength ca-pacity will depend upon the strength capacity of all the structural members, otherwise it will be depended upon the strength capacity of the most vulnerable structural member.Ductility i.e. the element\u2019s deformation capability beyond its yielding point regards flexure and requires strength in shear. This is the reason why shear design is based on the elements capacity-overstrength so as to avoid potential shear failure.<\/p>\n

Columns and beams basically fail in the joint area i.e. the area where the beam intersects with the column. Therefore columns and beams must be enough ductile in the joint area. If pounding between a column and a staircase or masonry infill is probable then the need for ductility extents to the whole length of the column.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Column with cross-section 50×50 and three stirrups on every layer, required by the Seismic Regulation for ductility<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Beam with ductility requirements<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Beam with high ductility requirements<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The need for column\u2019s capacity-overstrength Capacity design ensures that the columns will have greater capacity than the adjacent beams therefore no matter how intense the seismic action will be, beam failure will precede the failure of columns. Failing beams will absorb part of the released seismic energy thus altering the structure\u2019s natural (fundamental) frequency and avoiding resonance. Generally, failure of one or more beams does not induce progressive failing, hence even in an extremely strong seismic event, the structure will not collapse and will retain a minimum serviceability level allowing its evacuation and most of the times its rehabilitation on Antiseismic Structural Systems.<\/p>\n

Slabs and their Supports<\/a><\/p>\n

Civil Engineering Books<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fundamental rules in the reinforcement of antiseismic structural systems The Antiseismic Structural Systems following needs \u2013 rules regarding the proper placement of reinforcement, derive from the behavior of structures: Columns: (\u03b1) Rebars must be symmetrically placed around the perimeter of the cross section since the tensile forces and therefore the inclined cracking constantly change direction. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2264,"featured_media":2422,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"two_page_speed":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[366,365],"class_list":["post-2420","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-structural","tag-antiseismic","tag-structural"],"yoast_head":"\nAntiseismic Structural Systems<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Fundamental rules in the reinforcement of antiseismic structural systems The following 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